Just so we're clear, there is NOTHING in the MOT manual that specifies how far a wheel or tyre can protrude past the arch.
However, it does specify the tyre must be seated on the rim correctly, so tyres outside of manufacturer spec should fail. You can also come a-cropper under the Construction And Use Regs, which is a far more complex piece of legislation to check through. Suffice to say the pics above would probably fail the MOT under the manufacturer rule, and possibly break the C&U regs too.
Whether you'd be picked up on it by the MOT guy or a TrafPol is another story. Probably not, in all honesty, and I've seen worse. I'll refrain from my usual rant about just buying stuff that fits properly...